Between Harmonization and Fragmentation: Constructing Global Halal Norms Through SMIIC

Abstract

This study analyzes the harmonization and fragmentation of global halal norms through SMIIC (The Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries), which serves as the main instrument of the OIC in harmonizing halal standards across the Muslim world. Using literature studies and a constructivist approach (the norm diffusion framework) by Finnemore & Sikkink (1998), this research examines how SMIIC functions as a socializing agent of global halal norms through three stages: norm emergence, norm cascade, and norm internalization. This article finds that the agent of socialization of global halal norms in the Islamic world is not only SMIIC which stands alone, there is a role for Turkey in the process of norm emergence. Turkey is not only a norm entrepreneur, but more deeply, a norm stimulator (constructing the architecture of global halal standards, including financing, drafting initial standards, and structuring the SMIIC organization). Furthermore, the study describes that in the norm cascading stage there are various training programs, exhibitions, scientific forums, and international agreements. Meanwhile, at the norm internalization stage, this can be seen from the increase of OIC member countries in ratifying SMIIC. Although participation has increased significantly (with 45 out of 57 OIC member states ratifying SMIIC), there remain ideological fragmentations among Islamic schools of thought (Sunni, Shia, Wahhabi) and political-economic rivalries that challenge harmonization efforts. The halal standard is also used as a tool for protectionism in trade. Thus, the socialization of halal norms through SMIIC is not entirely linear but is filled with negotiations, resistance, and the reconstruction of sectarian identities and market interests within the Muslim world.