Indonesian Migrant Workers in Japan within the Human Security Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15642/jiir.2026.11.1.43-62Keywords:
Human Security, Indonesia Migrant Workers, Japan, Labor Migration, Migrant ProtectionAbstract
The migration of Indonesian migrant workers to Japan has increased significantly in recent years, driven by Japan's labor shortages resulting from demographic decline and an aging society. Although often framed as a mutually beneficial economic cooperation, this migration also generates various vulnerabilities for Indonesian migrant workers in the destination country. This study aims to analyze the migration of Indonesian migrant workers to Japan within the human security framework. The findings indicate that Indonesian migrant workers in Japan face multidimensional threats, particularly in terms of personal security, economic security, and health security. Therefore, the human security approach provides a more comprehensive perspective by positioning migrant workers as the primary referent of securityDownloads
References
Afnur, Silvia Ramadhani. “Kerja Sama Pengiriman Pekerja Migran Indonesia ke Jepang Melalui Program Visa Specified Skilled Worker (SSW)” 12 (2025): 167–86.
Aminah, Shobichatul, Stedi Wardoyo, dan Sri Pangastoeti. “Pengiriman Tenaga Perawat dan Careworker Indonesia ke Jepang dalam Kerangka Indonesia - Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJ-EPA).” Bakti Budaya 1, no. 1 (8 Agustus 2018): 92. https://doi.org/10.22146/bb.37933.
Athallah, Moch. Ahdan, dan Ferry Adhi Dharma. “Strategi Komunikasi Pekerja Migran Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Culture Shock Selama Bekerja di Jepang.” Academic Journal of Da’wa and Communication 5, no. 1 (2024): 81–104. https://doi.org/10.22515/ajdc.v5i1.9603.
Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (BP2MI). “Data Penempatan dan Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Tahun 2024,” 2025. https://bp2mi.go.id/statistik-detail/data-penempatan-dan-pelindungan-pekerja-migran-indonesia-periode-januari-2025.
Badan Pusat Statistik. “Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Februari 2025.” Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2025. https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2025/05/05/2432/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-4-76-persen--rata-rata-upah-buruh-sebesar-3-09-juta-rupiah-.html%25.
Budianto, Firman, dan Yusy Widarahesty. “Asylum Seeking as Survival Strategy: The Narratives of Indonesian Work Seekers in Japan,” 2024, 365–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2867-1_14.
Hanifah, Ida. “Peran Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Yang Bermasalah Di Luar Negeri.” DE LEGA LATA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 1 (30 Januari 2020): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.30596/dll.v5i1.3303.
Hollifield, James F., dan Michael Orlando Sharpe. “Japan as an ‘Emerging Migration State.’” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 17, no. 3 (1 September 2017): 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcx013.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). “Glossary on Migration.” International Migration Law, no. 12 (2019): 1–234. https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration.
JICA Ogata Research Institute. “Knowledge Forum ‘Making Japan the Chosen Country: International Labor Migration Dynamics in Indonesia,’” 2024. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/jica_ri/news/event/1522190_23519.html.
Junaidi, Muhammad, dan Khikmah Khikmah. “Perlindungan Hukum Dan Penempatan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Di Luar Negeri.” Jurnal Usm Law Review 7, no. 1 (2024): 490–501. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i1.8127.
Kadek Boby Reza Arya Dana, Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, dan Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Wni Di Luar Negeri Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional (Studi Kasus Hukuman Mati Tki Di Arab Saudi, Tuti Tursilawati 2018).” Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia 5, no. 2 (2022): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.23887/jatayu.v5i2.51449.
Kaur, Amarjit. “Labour migration in Southeast Asia: migration policies, labour exploitation and regulation.” Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 15, no. 1 (2010): 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860903488195.
Khin, Yu Par, Floret Maame Owusu, Nobutoshi Nawa, Pamela J. Surkan, dan Takeo Fujiwara. “Barriers and facilitators for healthcare access among immigrants in Japan: a mixed methods systematic review and meta-synthesis.” The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 54 (Januari 2025): 101276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101276.
KP2MI. “Menteri Karding Ungkap Banyaknya Permintaan Pekerja Migran Indonesia dari Sejumlah Negara,” 2024. https://kp2mi.go.id/berita-detail/menteri-karding-ungkap-banyaknya-permintaan-pekerja-migran-indonesia-dari-sejumlah-negara.
Lee, Everett S. “A Theory of Migration.” In Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1966), pp. 47-57, 75–92, 1966.
Maksum, Ali. “Indonesian post-migrant workers: A challenging problem for human security.” Social Sciences and Humanities Open 4, no. 1 (2021): 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100223.
Matsuno, Yasuharu. “Average Salary in Japan (2025 Research).” Tokyo Portofolio, 2025. https://tokyoportfolio.com/articles/average-salary-in-japan/.
Nawawi. “Working in Japan as a Trainee: The reality of Indonesian Trainees Under Japan’s Industrial Training and Technical Internship Program” V, no. 2 (2010).
Nizar, Moh, Astiwi Inayah, dan Toto Aman Dwijono. “Penguatan Peran Pemerintah Melalui Perlindungan Hukum dan Terhadap Pekerja Migran Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya 20, no. 2 (2018): 95–111. https://share.google/0AGBq7FEsDDqJ1cuN.
OECD. Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Japan 2024. Recruiting Immigrant Workers. OECD Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1787/0e5a10e3-en.
Pramesti, Pramita Arga Ayu. “Job Stress Pekerja Migran Indonesia : Komparasi antara PMI Malaysia dan Jepang,” 2025.
Purdadi, Wira, dan Fitran Amrain. “Kewajiban Negara Terhadap Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia.” Mimbar Yustitia 5, no. 1 (2022): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.52166/mimbar.v5i1.2811.
Rahayu, Devi, Dina Imam Supaat, dan Mirna Yusuf. “The Neglect of Protection for Undocumented Migrant Workers within the Framework of Human Rights Law.” Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 32, no. 2 (2024): 374–93. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i2.34993.
Rahmawati, Immadudin Muhammad, Asad, Bulqis, dan Jufrin. “Analisis Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia bagi Pekerja Migran Tidak Berdokumen: Tantangan, Kerangka Hukum dan Implikasi Kebijakan.” In MAQASID: Jurnal Studi Hukum ISlam, 13:177–94, 2024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30651/mqs.v13i2.24781.
Safitri, Dhanny, dan Ali Abdullah Wibisono. “Keamanan Manusia Pekerja Migran Indonesia: Ketidakamanan dan Perlindungannya.” Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 7, no. 2 (2023): 741–69. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v7n2.17.
Santoso, Maria Rina. “Indonesian Minister Warns of Labor Traps in Japan Amid History Rewrite Controversy.” Broadsheet Asia, 2025. https://broadsheet.asia/2025/05/21/indonesian-minister-warns-of-labor-traps-in-japan-amid-history-rewrite-controversy/?noamp=available.
Statista Research Departement. “GDP in Japan - statistics & facts,” 2025. https://www.statista.com/topics/13120/gdp-in-japan/#topicOverview.
Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan. “Statistical Handbook of Japan 2016.” Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan, 2016. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2016all.pdf.
Suhada, Suhada, Fahmy Akbar Idries, Rifqi Syarif Nasrulloh, dan Novi Diah Wulandari. “Memanusiakan Pahlawan Devisa: Pemberdayaan dan Advokasi Komunitas Migran Indonesia di Malaysia.” Rahmatan Lil ’Alamin Journal of Community Services 4, no. 1 (2024): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.20885/rla.vol4.iss1.art5.
Sundary, Rini Irianti, dan Umi Muslikhah. “State Responsibility in Protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers as Fulfillment of Human Rights.” Jurnal Ius Constituendum 9, no. 3 (2024): 428–45. https://doi.org/10.26623/jic.v9i3.9183.
Theresia, Kadek Febriana, dan Wayan Nurita. “Dampak Karoshi Pada Karyawan Perusahaan Di.” Jurnal Daruma: Linguistik, Sastra dan Budaya Jepang 4 (2024). https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/daruma/article/view/9763/7653.
Thuzar, Mi Moe, Shyam Kumar Karki, Andi Holik Ramdani, Waode Hanifah Istiqomah, Tokiko Inoue, dan Chukiat Chaiboonsri. “Settlement Intention of Foreign Workers in Japan: Bayesian Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis.” Economies 13, no. 4 (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040112.
Uezato, Akihito, Kohei Sakamoto, Mieko Miura, Akane Futami, Toshihiko Nakajima, Pham Nguyen Quy, Soi Jeong, et al. “Mental health and current issues of migrant workers in Japan: A cross-sectional study of Vietnamese workers.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 70, no. 1 (8 Februari 2024): 132–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640231196742.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “International Migration 2020 Highlights.” United Nations (via UN DESA / Population Division), 2021. https://www.un.org/en/desa/international-migration-2020-highlights.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report: New Dimension Of Human Security (1994). United Nations Development Programme 1994, 1994. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdr1994encompletenostats.pdf.
Verité. “Forced Labor Risk in Japan’s Technical Intern Training Program Exploration of Indicators among Chinese Trainees Seeking Remedy,” 2018, 24. https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Forced-Labor-Risk-in-Japans-TITP.pdf.
Widyawati, Anis. “Legal Protection Model for Indonesian Migrant Workers.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 3, no. 2 (9 Desember 2018): 291–304. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v3i02.27557.
Yusuf, Angel Sabatini, Aldi Buntaran, Devita Vallensia, dan Dwi Putra Nugraha. “Efektivitas BP2MI Sebagai Lembaga Administratif Dalam Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia: Perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik 6, no. 2 (2025): 1522–27. https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v6i2.6928.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Keisha Septi Mayumi, Gili Argenti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
